Economics †Puerto Rico Essay Example for Free

Economics – Puerto Rico Essay In this paper will identify, describe and production costs of the Company San Juan Cell Phones compares. In turn, the potential risks are identified in making management decisions. In addition, will analyze and assess what are the best ways to prevent negative consequences for the company. The term cost refers to the amount or representing a product or service according to investment in material, labor; training and time that you need to develop it. As you can see, the term is characteristic and central to economics as it is the point at which any part of trade or economic relationship between two parties. The cost is to be paid by those who want to receive a product or service to have it in his possession or under his control. Today, the cost of a product or service is expressed in most situations in terms of money or capital (which may itself vary currency according to the region or area in which the exchange takes place). However, in antiquity and long, humanity carried on their trade and economic exchanges through the delivery of other items such as spices. The cost of the products is then provided to the equivalent cost for a given quantity of spice. Economic Costs According to McConnell Brue (2008), Economic costs include all payments that must be received by resource owners to ensure a continued supply of needed resources to a particular line of production. Economic costs include explicit costs, which flow to resources owned and supplied by others, and implicit costs, which are payments for the use of self-owned and self-employed resources. One implicit cost is a normal profit to the entrepreneur. Economic profit occurs when total revenue exceeds total cost (= explicit costs + implicit costs, including a normal profit).  Differentiate between short-run costs and long run depending on use of whether variable or fixed productive factors. In Short-run costs: have fixed and variable inputs. Therefore, variable and fixed costs will be. Within the short-run costs are: Total Cost is the market value of all inputs used to produce a product. It has 2 components: fixed and variable costs: (1) is determined and unchanging value that is independent of production volume, are those costs always exist e.g. rent, electricity, etc. (2) A Variable cost is a cost that is incurred depending on the volume of production, human cost (work) and commodities. (3) The marginal cost is the change experienced by the total cost when an additional unit increases production. Grows in contrast to the marginal productivity sense, if it grows, the marginal cost decreases. In Long-run costs: there are only variable costs. In the long run, firms have no fixed costs are all variables that the factors of production are thus the total cost, which is equal to the variable costs. The curves in the long-run costs, they say to each output, with the lowest cost that can be obtained, assuming all inputs vary. The curve means short-run costs will be tangent to the long-run average costs. The total long-run cost is equal to all the variable costs of the company. Some of the reasons why the average total cost curve to be increasing, stable or declining: (1) the means and long-run marginal costs, like a u because it produces income production. (2) When yields are constant output grows proportional / the increase factor, and average costs are constant. (3) When yields are rising, the long-term costs decrease. (4) When yields decrease long-term costs are rising. (5) Normally the company began taking increasing returns but as the situation is complicated diminishing appear. Overall yields are mixed. San Juan Cell Phone Scenario This scenario presented the actual dilemma of company San Juan Cell Phone in Puerto Rico. In this scenario the production manager need to analyze the potential risks, consequences positive or negative and possible solutions; of accepting the order of 100,000 units of cell phone of the company Big Box and accept or reject the external production of the cell by outsourcing, an external company called Original Equipment Manufacturer. In order to make a recommendation on what would be the best alternative for this scenario and to provide a solution that does not affect the company,  analysis and recommendations will be divided into phases. In the first phase will analyze the unit profitability report of San Juan Cell Phones, which is found in Table 1 in the statistical appendix of this document. This table shows that the company San Juan Cell Phones has a price per unit for the Alpha model for $ 20, of which the variable costs per unit are $8, fixed overheads per unit are $ 9 and a pro fit per unit of $ 3. The company Big Box will not pay more than $ 15 per cell phone; which implies a loss of $ 5 dollars per unit price for San Juan Cell Phone. If we analyze the loss from the perspective of the total cost of production, San Juan Cell Phones would have a total loss of production of $200,000, even without adding that there was no profit from this production. This loss would lead to other serious problems to company profitability, which will be difficult to replenish in the short term because the equilibrium price in the market is $15. Therefore can notice an excess supply. San Juan Cell Phones must make a comprehensive analysis of their variable and fixed costs and trying to lower them to compete with the market price and maintain profitability. On the other hand, evaluating the offer that provides OEM to San Juan Cell Phones, where the price of production per unit is $14; we can see that San Juan Cell Phones could meet the production requested by Big Box and in turn obtain a profit of $100,000. This in turn allowing you to San Juan Cell Phone keeps the market equilibrium price of $ 15. Where the company can lower the current price per unit and maintain its excess demand in the market and maintain profitability. As part of this analysis shows that the grant to the outsourcing manufacturing, with the penalty would take to keep all their employees working and running the factory capacity. And therefore their bonus, which is based on the overall profitability of the company, is affected. Recommendations of best alternative solution In the second phase of this analysis will make the recommendations to follow to meet the expectations required by Bib Box, without loss of profitability, and to meet the value established by the company. Below the suggested recommendations: (1) Is to secure the order of 100,000 phones required by Bib Box. (2) Establish agreements with OEM outsourcing. In this agreement the Alpha prototype model and the quality of the prototype will be established, also limit the time of delivery and the amount of production is  settled. In turn, the price of $ 14 per unit, which is not negotiable, is settled. (3) Establish a plan for reengineering the organization structure, technology and the human factor in the production line of Alpha models as initial phase of the process. At a later stage the reengineering organization to another production line would be extended. Observe the appendix A: Guide for Strategic Planning and Organizational Reengineering. These recommendations are aimed to the San Juan Cell Phones company, can get the desired order to maintain profitability. In addition to be able to maintain its equilibrium price in the market, you can keep your excess demand, increase their volume of production and profits. In addition meet its corporate values ​​to provide its customers with high quality and exceed the expectations of them. Conclusion In the scenario presented the administrative task being viewed uncertain and challenging, as a number without variables, change and transformation is affecting it. Its time for San Juan Cell Phones, perform an analysis of their strengths and limitations of your environment and make a formulation of strategic alternatives. This analysis will take the company to be more efficient and effective in meeting the needs of its consumers, taking into consideration an adaptability, a proactive character and flexibility to embrace change, in turn have a better interaction with new technologies and positive changes in the values ​​of corporate society attitude. Reference McConnell, C. R. Brue, S. L. (2008). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (17th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Pugel, T. A. (2007). International economics (13th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill/Irwin. University of Phoenix. (2014). Student Resources. Retrieve from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:46311129/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/d547f818-bc95-4e40-b161-61f94462bdb7/expanded/False Statistical Appendix

Internet Taxation Essay -- Internet Tax Taxing Essays

Internet Taxation The passage of the Internet Tax Freedom Act, on October 21, 1998 there has been an intense debate on whether to tax or not to tax Internet purchases. The conservative side is opposed to Internet taxation saying that it is too costly to collect tax on Internet purchases. They also believe that since Internet retailers do not have any of their operations in all the states, not every state should receive the sales tax made on the purchase. On the other hand, the liberal believe that taxation of the Internet should be lawful because states are losing valuable tax bases to Internet purchases. They believe that at current rates of online shopping, states are losing millions of dollars annually that are used for public roads, police protection, and education. Both sides of the Internet taxation argument use logos and ethos appeals. Logos appeals are the main form of argument for both sides. Plenty of examples and statistics are used to support the logos argument. Ethos appeals are not as prevalent as logos, but are enter strung throughout the articles to support both sides. Pathos appeals are almost non-existent in any articles found, so they are not a main contributing factor in the overall argument on Internet taxation. In the Issues & Controversies section of Clemson Universities Expanded Academic Search the article, â€Å"Internet Taxation,† both the pros and cons concerning Internet taxation are mentioned to establish both views concerning the issue facing the United States people. The conservative or con side on taxes mainly uses logos argument to make their point. Supports of the tax free Internet say that because of the way transactions are carried out on the web, electronic sales are vulnerabl... ...o adopt a unified sales tax for Internet purchases. They are a liberal group for Internet taxation, which recently got shot down with the onset of the extended Internet Tax Freedom Act. The coalition is not currently trying to persuade e-tailers to join their position on Internet taxation. Big names such as Amazon.com have not joined the talks for good reason. Online retailers do not want states to adopt a plan to implement taxes online since it would threaten the tax-free shopping advantage that these online retailers enjoy. Even with the onset of new rulings for a tax-free Internet there has not been a complete loss for the coalitions efforts. In a 1992 Supreme Court ruling states that e-tailers must collect sales tax in the states in which they have a physical presence. All in all efforts for both sides have resulted in a partial tax and tax-free Internet.

The Mexican-American War, Were We Justified

The Mexican-American War was a war between the United States and Mexico which lasted from April 1846 to February 1848. It stemmed from the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U. S. claim). The war was the most devastating event in Mexican history, where Mexico lost the modern day areas of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado and Montana. The Mexican-American spawned out of land lust. The idea of Manifest Destiny and the promising lands of California, which were coveted by many European nations, led to a war of greed.Even Abraham Lincoln, then a young Congressman, and Ulysses S. Grant, the future Civil War victorious commander and U. S. President, believed that the invasion of Mexico was not justified. Mexico had rejected a $15 million cash-for-land deal offered by the US. The area included what now covers the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Col orado and Utah. This territory was Mexican, but only nominally; control over the area was slight, and open to intrusion. Irritated at the rebuff, the US struck back in1845 by annexing Texas, a territory long disputed and fought over by both countries.Mexico responded by severing diplomatic relations. U. S. President Polk further provoked Mexico by moving troops south to the Rio Grande, a river that historically was considered well within Mexico. U. S. and Mexican troops skirmished across the river, leading Polk to declare to Congress on May 11, 1846, that â€Å"†¦the cup of forbearance has been exhausted,† and that â€Å"American blood has been spilled on American soil. † (Source: Eisenhower’s So Far From God, pages 49-55) The U. S. -Mexican War is the pivotal chapter in the history of North America.It is the war that sealed the fates of it's two participants. For the United States, the War garnered huge amounts of territory and wealth, bootstrapping the fl edgling democracy onto the world stage. For Mexico, the War sent the emerging nation into a tailspin that it is still reckoning with today, one hundred fifty years later. In the United States the US-Mexican War is virtually forgotten, and for good reason, as it is the clearest example of American greed and undiplomatic actions. The Mexican-American War was waged upon Mexico out of pure greed and disregard for international liberty.In conclusion, the United States was unjust in its declaration of war on Mexico in 1846. The U. S. was clouded with dreams of Manifest Destiny. It had a president that was obsessed with fulfilling campaign promises and greed for new land. Polk was looking for revenge for the denial of the proposal for buying California as was evident in his original reasons for declaring war on Mexico. Also the U. S. provoked this border dispute into the two-year war that it became by purposely inciting the Mexicans into a fight. All these reasons are the evidence that the US was not justified in declaring war on Mexico.

Essay about Symbols in the Briefcase in “Invisible Man” by...

Towards the end of the book â€Å"Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison, the narrator who remains unnamed thought the entire book, risks his life to save a briefcase filled with seemingly random assorted items. But later in the book the narrator is forced to burn the items in his briefcase in order to find his way out of a sewer he gets stuck in. Closer reading reveals that the items in his briefcase are more than random assorted items, but instead are symbols. Each one of those symbols represents a point in the narrator’s life where he is either betrayed or made â€Å"invisible† by the people around him. Through the book the two main recurring themes are betrayal and invisibility and the narrator keeps these symbols with him because they represent who he†¦show more content†¦The crowd continually asks him to repeat himself and at one point the narrator miss speaks and says â€Å"social equality† instead of â€Å"social responsibility.† This imme diate arouses the whites in the crowd. When they yell threats at him he Denys what he said and claims that the blood in his mouth caused him to misspeak. In this incident the whites in the crowd immediately stop any variation from what they want to hear coming out of the mouth of an African American. This is another way that he is oppressed into being what people want him to be and therefore becoming invisible. The narrator also feels betrayed when he sees Clifton with the doll. At that time the narrator still considered himself a part of the brotherhood, and since the brotherhood would never allow such a thing to be sold, Clifton is betraying the brotherhood and also the narrator himself. Another symbolic item in the narrator’s briefcase is the Sambo doll that brother Clifton was selling illegally on the street. It is not the doll itself, but instead the circumstances surrounding Clifton’s death that make the doll significant. Before his death, the narrator meets brot her Clifton, and describes him as the ideal man. He is educated, well dressed, muscular, and has a stylish swag about him, that the narrator admires. But we don’t know Clifton long before he is shot. Clifton suddenly drops from his originalShow MoreRelated Invisible Man Essay: Self-Identity in Invisible Man1040 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Identity in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Invisible Man, the main character carries around a briefcase throughout the entire story. All of the possessions that he carries in that briefcase are mementos from learning experiences. Throughout the novel, the Invisible Man is searching for his identity and later discovers that his identity is in those items. As the narrator is leaving Marys house for the Brotherhood, he sees a Negro-doll bank in his room. He is angry that the dollRead MoreSummary Of Invisible Man1450 Words   |  6 PagesRalph Ellison was a 20th century African-American writer and scholar, who also studied music before moving to New York City, where he worked as a writer. 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